Enzymatic Assay of Chymotrypsin Free Sample for Students

Question: Discuss about the Enzymatic Assay of Chymotrypsin. Answer: Theory: There are hundreds of different enzymes in organisms. For a compound to be found into active site of an enzyme, a precise fit is required. Hence enzymes are said to be very specific. This specificity of enzymes is utilized in the determination of the presence of enzymes in a tissue even without isolating each enzyme. A proper selection of substrate and reaction condition is a must for such experimentation. For instance proteolysis enzymes hydrolyse certain of peptide bonds of proteins but not the glucosisdic bonds of starch. On the other hand, Amylase has activity in hydrolysing glucosisdic bonds of starch but not peptide bonds.(Garysmith) Chymotrypsin and trypsin areproteolytic enzymes and can hydrolyse a protein such as casein to small peptides.To be specific, Trypsin and chymotrypsin are two pancreatic endopeptidases. They have a number of similarities in properties and mechanism of action. The class of enzymes to which they belong is known as the serine proteas. It is so because they have a serine residue at the active site and this residue becomes involved in the formation of covalent acyl enzyme intermediatewith the part of the substrate molecule during course of enzymes reaction. The overwhelming guideline is the unmistakable and simple method of perception of the chemical response. Basic to all chemical catalysed responses is the way that a substrate ends up plainly changed over into an item and accordingly the point of any examine is to watch the time-subordinate arrangement of the item. To accomplish this, a method must be found to distinguish the item. Since development of item is specifically associated with the vanishing of substrate, its decay is a sufficient measure of the response. In situations where at least two items are framed, or at least two substrate particles are included in the response, the assurance of just a single segment is sufficient.4 Obviously the most straightforward distinguishable response segment will be picked. A straightforward yet imperative condition is that substrate and item should vary in the watched highlight. The item might be exceptionally well distinguishable by a particular strategy, however in the event that the substrate demonstrates a comparable flag with equivalent force; no turnover can be seen by any stretch of the imagination. Regularly both parts demonstrate a little contrast of generally comparable vast essential signs, particularly when just little atomic adjustments happen, as with numerous isomerase responses (Figure 2). Such changes might be mainly noticeable, however are typically hard to measure, since substantial signs are for the most part subject to solid scrambling, so that the little change created by the compound response ends up plainly lost inside this clamour. In such cases the flag to clamour proportion must be broke down (Figure 2, right). When in doubt the power of the flag showed by the response must surpass the clamour at any rate by a component of tw o. This is a general issue, since any strategy is to a pretty much degree subject to disseminate. Dissipating can have different starting points, a few, e.g. shakiness of the instruments or estimations in turbid arrangements like cell homogenates, can't be kept away from, while others, similar to pollutions, turbidity brought on by pitifully dissolvable substances, dirtying, clean or air pockets can at any rate be decreased via cautious dealing with. Dispersing is likewise most minimal if just the watched segment (substrate or item) creates the flag (e.g. ingestion), while alternate segments demonstrate no flag (no retention) in the watched go, so that the response begins really at zero and any adjustment in the flag shows the progressing response.(Bisswanger, 2014) Chymotrypsin and trypsin are generally engrossed in breaking a peptide bond in a protein molecule or putting it simply they break amide bonds in protein molecules. They have slight different preferences of their action. Chymotrypsin is oriented more towards cleaving bonds to C-terminal side of an aromatic amino acid (for example phenylalanine,tyrosine,or tryptophan).To a small extent Chymotrypsin also breaks other hydrophobic amino acids. Trypsi, however, have preferences in the cleavage to the C-terminal side of basic amino acids, lysine and arginine to site a few. Still proteins are not the best substrate to use for accurate kinetic analysis of these enzymes. A number of works have been carried out using artificial substrate. In most of the cases the artificial substrate used were simple amide derivatives of amino acids, and many a times ester derivatives of amino acids have also been used. These enzymes can break such amide or ester derivatives of the amino acids quite easily. A c areful and judicious selection of substrate makes the assaying of chymotrypsin and trypsin very easy since there occur a change in U.V absorbance on hydrolysis, which may be followed spectro-photometrically. Despite having similarities in their action and mechanism,Chymotrypsin and Trypsin can be distinguished based on their characteristic properties. For instance Chymotrypsin and Trypsin can be distinguished on the basis of their substrate specificity. The specificity of Trypsin is for peptide bonds. Also noticeable is that the affinity of Trypsin in not for all peptide bonds. Rather they have specificity for peptide bonds in which lysine and arginine furnish the carbonyl group. Chymotrypsin, on the other hand, has specificity for peptide bonds where tyrosine, phenylaline and tryptophan participate in the formation of the carbonyl group of peptide bonds. Thus ,based on the above mentioned properties N-benzoyl-L-argininamide (or ester) can be classified as a good substrate for trypsin .Based on the similar arguments that is to say based on the above mentioned characteristics N-benzyol-L-tryosinamide (or ester) is exemplified as a suitable substrate for chymotrypsin. The characteristic properties of chymotrypsin and trypsin which help in their assaying are briefly mentioned below. Chymotrypsin: Chymotrypsin is a proteolysis enzyme. It belongs to the group hydrolases.(Hyrdrolase or hydrolytic enzyme is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of a chemical bond. ) Chymotrypsin is secreted in pancreas. Its pH is at 8.0.it is an endopeptidase (an enzyme which breaks peptide bonds other than terminal ones in a peptide chain) that catalyses the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in which the carbonyl group is contributed by the aromatic residues, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan .Like many other proteolytic enzymes, chymotrypsin also has esterase activity. This esterase activity of chymotrypsin is what taken into account to detect its presence qualitatively. Procedure for Enzymatic Assay of Chymotrypsin Description The following procedure is for products with a specification for chymotrypsin activity. Insoluble chymotrypsin cannot be assayed using this procedure. It is a continuous spectrophotometric rate determination based on the following reaction.(Sigma-Ardrich) BTEE +H2 O Chymotrypsin N-Benzoyl-L-tyrosine + ethanol Where: BTEE-N Benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester Unit Definition- One unit of chymotrypsin will hydrolyse 1.0 micromole of BTEE per minute at pH 7.8 at 25o C. Reagents and Equipment Required: TrizmaBase :2-Amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, THAM, Tris base, Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, Trometamol: N?Benzoyl-L?Tyrosine Ethyl Ester) Methanol) Calcium chloride, dihydrate Hydrochloric acid solution Preparation Instructions Use ultrapure water (18Mxcm resistivity at 25C) for the preparation of reagents. Buffer (80mMTrisHCl Buffer, pH7.8 at 25C) Prepare a 9.69mg/ml solution in ultrapure water using Trizma Base . Adjust the pH of this solution to 7.8 at 25C. BTEE Solution (1.18 mMN?Benzoyl-L?Tyrosine Ethyl Ester) Weigh 37mg of N?Benzoyl-L?Tyrosine Ethyl Ester into a 100ml ClassA volumetric flask. Add 63.4ml of Methanol and mix by swirling. Bring the final volume of the solution to 100ml using ultrapure water. Invert the flask several times to ensure complete mixing. CaCl2 Solution (2M Calcium Chloride) Prepare a 294mg/ml solution in ultrapure water using Calcium chloride, dihydrate . HCl Solution (1 mM Hydrochloric Acid) Prepare a solution by diluting 0.10ml of 1.0M Hydrochloric acid solution to 100ml with ultrapure water in a 100ml Class A volumetric flask. Mix by inversion and place on ice. Enzyme Solution (Chymotrypsin) Immediately before use, prepare a solution containing 2?5chymotrypsin units per milliliter in cold (2?8C) HCl Solution. Procedure : First of all a reaction mix is made, say of 3 ml. This reaction mix contains the final concentration of 38mMTris, 0.55mMN-Benzoyl-L-Tyrosine Ethyl Ester, 30%(v/v) Methanol, 53mM Calcium Chloride, 0.03mM Hydrochloric Acid, and 0.2?0.5units of Chymotrypsin. 1.Following regents are pipetted into suitable quartz cuvettes: Reagent Blank (ml) Test (ml) Buffer 1.42 1.42 BTEE Solution 1.40 1.40 CaCl2 Solution 0.08 0.08 2.Mix by inversion and equilibrate to 25C using a suitably thermos tatted spectrophotometer. 3.Add the following to the cuvettes: Reagent Blank (ml) Test (ml) HCl Solution 0.10 Enzyme Solution 0.10 4.Immediately mix by inversion and record the increase in A256 for 3?5minutes. 5.Obtain the A256/minute for both the blank and test reactions using the maximum linear rate over a one minute interval using at least 4 points. Results: Calculations: 1. Units/ml enzyme = (A256/minute Test A256/minute Blank) x (3) x (df) (0.964) x (0.10) Where: 3 = volume (ml) of reaction mix df = dilution factor 0.964 = millimolar extinction coefficient of BTEE at 256nm 0.10 = volume (ml) of test sample used in assay 2. Units/mg solid = units/ml enzyme mg solid/ml enzyme Assaying of Trypsin : Enzymatic approach Description : This procedure can be used with products having specification for Trypsin. The substrate used is N-Benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE). This procedure involves a continuous determination of spectrophotometric rate. It is based on the following reaction; BAEE + H2O Trypsin N-Benzoyl-L-arginine + ethanol Where: BAEE N-Benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester Unit Definition One BAEE unit of trypsin activity will produce a A253 of 0.001 per minute with BAEE as substrate at pH7.6 at 25C in a reaction volume of 3.20ml. Reagents needed: Sodium phosphate, monobasic N-Benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester) 1M Hydrochloric acid Instructions for preparation: Use of ultrapure water (= 18Mxcm resistivity at 25C) is recommended for the preparation of good reagent. Making of Buffer (67 mM Sodium Phosphate Buffer, pH 7.6 at 25C) - an 8.04 mg/ml solution is prepared using sodium phosphate, monobasic using ultrapure water. pH is adjusted to 7.6 at 25 oC with 1 M NaOH solution. Preparing substrate solution(0.25 mM N-Benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester) a 0.0866 mg/ml solution is prepared making use of N-Benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) in buffer. Preparing HCl solution (1 mM Hydrochloric acid) - a 1000 fold dilution of 1 M Hydrochloric acid solution is prepared in ultrapure water. Preparing Enzyme solution (Trypsin) - a solution which contain 425-575 units/ml of Trypsin in cold (2?8C) HCl Solution is prepared. Care should be taken to prepare this solution right before use. Procedure Again as before, a 3.20 ml of reaction mix is prepared. This reaction mix contains the 62.8 mM concentration of sodium phosphate, 0.23 mM concentration of N-Benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester ,0.031-0.063 mM concentration of hydrochloric acid, and 42.5-115.0 units of trypsin. Step 1: Following reagents are pipetted into convenient quartz cuvettes: Reagent Blank (ml) Test (ml) Substrate Solution 3.00 3.00 HCl Solution 0.200 0.125 Step 2: Mixing is done by inversion and the solution is brought to equilibrium to 25 oC.A suitable thermostatted spectrophotometer is used for the purpose. Then following is added to the resulting solution. Reagent Blank (ml) Test (ml) Enzyme Solution 0.075 Care should be taken to make final volume in each cuvette 3.2ml per unit definition. Step 3: then immediately inversion is used to mix and the increase in A253/minute is recorded for 5 minutes. Then using a 1minute time period and a minimum of 4 data points, obtain the A253/minute using the maximum linear rate for both the Blank and Test. Results Calculations 1 BAEE units/ml enzyme= (A253/minute Test A253/minute Blank) x (df) (0.001) x (0.075) Where: DF = dilution factor 0.001 = the change in A253/minute based on unit definition 0.075 = volume (ml) of test sample used in assay Note: The total volume in the cuvette is not used in the calculation since the unit definition is based on 3.2 ml. 2 Units/mg solid = units/ml enzyme mg solid/ml enzyme Bibliography (n.d.). Retrieved from Sigma-Ardrich: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/b6125?lang=enregion=IN Bisswanger, H. (2014). Enzyme assays. Perspective in Sciences. Garysmith. (n.d.). Retrieved from UCDavis: https://fst123.fst.ucdavis.edu/~garysmith/123LData.dir/Experiment%201.pdf

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Essay Example Essay Example

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Essay Example Paper Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Essay Introduction Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma is a type of cancer that begins within immune system cells called lymphocytes. Similar to other cancers, lymphoma occurs when lymphocytes are uncontrollably growing and multiplying. These lymphocytes are white blood cells that move throughout the body with the help of a fluid called lymph. There they are transported by a network of different vessels that make up the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune system. The main Job of the lymphatic system is to fght off infections or anything else that threatens the body. The lymphatic system consists of different lymph nodes located hroughout the body to help monitor the lymph that flows through them. These lymph nodes can be very helpful in predicting signs of possible cancer. The nodes will begin to tenderize and swell when a large amount of microbial organisms collect insides of them, indicating infection. There are two main types of lymphocytes, B- cells, and T-cells. Both are design ed to recognize and destroy infections, however, B- cells travel through the body with the infection, while T-cells kill the infection directly. When these cells begin to multiply too quickly, they begin to build up in the lymph odes, forming a giant mass of cells called a tumor. Once this tumor forms, it begins to grow, invading the space of nearby organs and tissues, cutting off their oxygen supply. If these abnormal lymphocytes travel between lymph nodes, or to other organs, the cancer can spread and metastasize to other regions of the body, making it much more difficult to control and get rid of. Non-Hodgkins is classified and derived from either abnormal B or T-cells and has thirty different subtypes (Clarke 139). Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Essay Body Paragraphs In the United States each year, about fifty-four thousand people are diagnosed ith Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma, making it the most common type of blood cancer in the U. S (Clarke 138). The symptoms of this disease may be difficult to discover, since often times they may appear suddenly and be painless. These symptoms can include swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpit, or groin. This swelling may be painless and go unnoticed. There may also be discomfort or a fullness in the abdomen, feeling very tired or weak, shortness of breath, as well as fever and weight loss. It is important to get these symptoms checked out and monitored by a doctor to result in etter treatment if needed. There are certain risk factors that may increase the risk of Non-Hodgkins lymphoma, such as immune system deficiencies, chemicals, and older age. Certain medications that suppress immune system efficiency, as well as organ transplants, greatly increase the risk of new disease due to immunosuppressive therapy reduci ng the body’s ability to fght off new diseases (Clarke 142). There are also viruses and bacteria that have been linked to the increased risk of Non-Hodgkins lymphoma. Viruses that have been linked include HIV and Epstein-Barr virus, more commonly nown as herpes. Helicobacter Pylori, an ulcer-causing bacteria found in the stomach that has also been known to increase the risk of getting lymphoma. Although, more research needs to be conducted to connect pesticides with the risk of Non-Hodgkins, certaln Insect ana weed factor that is to be considered, although people at any age can get cancer, Non- Hodgkins is most common in people sixty or older. To diagnose lymphoma, a full physical must be conducted, as well as looking into family history. A oncologist will then be called in to review the findings and decide where to go next. When screening to find how far cancer has spread, several techniques can be used. These include x-rays, computerized tomography scans, magnetic resonance imaging, as well as lymphangiograms. Bone marrow examinations are also common to test if infected with abnormal B or T-cells. The best way to test for cancer is by conducting a biopsy and testing a small sample of the tumor to determine whether cancer exists or not. Conducting a biopsy or fluid examination is the best way to get an in-depth look at possible cancer cells. Immunohistochemistry is a popular test used by pathologists y treating the sample with antibodies that attach only to specific molecules on the cell. Color changes among the antibodies can occur and be seen under a microscope allowing pathologists to detect different diseases present. Flow cytometry is a very similar process to immunohistochemistry, but allows a much more in-depth look at the cells by passing them through a laser. This laser techniques provides the ability to separate and count groups of cells. Flow cytometry can also detect whether the lymph nodes are swollen due to lymphoma, or some other type of cancer, or a non- cancerous disease. This allows doctors to better determine the type of lymphoma to be dealt with as well as the best way to treat it. Another way to determine the type of lymphoma is through cytogenetics. This technique inhibits doctors to take a look at the chromosomes in the lymphoma cells to look for translocations, which is common in some types of lymphoma. Other ways to identify the type of lymphoma is if the cells have too many, too few, or other chromosomal abnormalities. Once diagnosed, there are four stages in distinguishing the extent of the disease, starting with the least serious being stage one. Stage one, or early in the diagnosis of ymphoma is when the disease is contained to single lymph node region or in a single organ. Stage two is classified when two or more lymph node regions are infected on the same side of the diaphragm, or when a lymph node and an organ are infected. Stage three is advanced lymphoma when two or more lymph nodes, or a lymph n ode and an organ infected on different sides of the body. Stage four, or the widespread level of lymphoma is when the cancer has spread to the spleen, bone marrow, bone, or central nervous system. There are different treatments based on the type, and stage of the cancer, as well s other factors such as age, and health status. The most common and effective treatment for Non-Hodgkins lymphoma is chemotherapy, radiation, and biological therapy. Chemotherapy uses chemicals that interfere with the cellular division process, triggering a suicide effect amongst the cancer cells. These chemicals attack all of the cells, including the healthy ones, although normal cells are able to recover from the chemical-induced damage, whereas the cancer cells cannot. Chemotherapy is usually used when the cancer has metastasized, since the medicines travels hroughout the entire body, rather than focusing on one place. This treatment is done in cycles, so the body has a resting period in between to heal b efore the next cycle . I nere are some sloe erects tnat come along wltn It still, tnese Include tnlngs such as hair loss, fatigue, nausea and vomiting. Although not as effective, there are also medications that can be used to boost the immune systems reaction to these infected a-cells. Rituximab is a biological medication that is a type of monoclonal antibody that attaches to B cells in order to make them more visible to the immune system to attack. This medication lowers the number of B cells, including the non- infected, healthy ones, however, the body will produce more cells, to replace these. Once the cancerous cells are dead, they are much less likely to reoccur. Radiation treatment works to destroy cancer cells by focusing high-energy rays onto the cells. This damages the molecular structure of the cells and causes them to commit suicide. These high-energy rays are usually emitted from metals, such as radium or strong x-rays that are created by a machine. Radiation can either be used on its own or in correlation with other cancer treatments. Side effects may include skin changes often resembling a sunburn or tan, vomiting, fatigue, nausea, and loss of appetite. The most effective treatment to increase a lymphoma patients chance for survival is the combination of the chemical R848 with radiation therapy. With the growing knowledge of genetics, doctors are able to better diagnose Non- hodgkin lymphoma through the methods mentioned previously, allowing a much better prognosis for those infected. There are also new treatments being looked into to help better treat and prevent this cancer from taking people’s lives. Vaccines are ow being introduced as a way to help treat certain cases of lymphoma. It has been known for quite some time that people’s immune systems may help play a major role in fghting cancer, in some cases, some have been cured after their immune system rejects the cancer. With this knowledge, doctors are trying to encourage this immune reaction with a vaccine. This vaccine is used to treat, rather than prevent the disease, and is only available in clinical trials as of now. The goal of this is to create an immune reaction in patients dealing with lymphoma in either the early stages, or clients whose disease is in remission. Along with having very little side effects, when used in clinical trials treating late-stage patients whom chemotherapy was successful, the vaccine increased the time the lymphoma came back by at least a year. Increasing one’s knowledge of signs and symptoms correlated with Non-Hodgkins can create a better prognosis of successfully killing the disease. The research of new vaccines that can help the immune system naturally kill the cells on it’s own can greatly decrease the need for other treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation, along with the horrible side effects that come along with them. We will write a custom essay sample on Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Need for Topic on Climate Change in Geography Courses

Geography instructors from various departments have to ensure that their course materials are relevant to geography topics and concepts, which deal with sustainable development. Their principal goal is educating students about the relevant topics, which requires appropriate geography methods and concepts.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Need for Topic on Climate Change in Geography Courses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After comprehensive consultations from stakeholders, it was agreed that there is a need to include a topic on climate change in future geography courses. The topic will be focussed on sustainable development. This report aims at presenting the most significant learning objectives for climate change, how climate change is related to sustainable development, the value of contemporary geography and climate change to student learning, and how contemporary geography contributes to climate change. Le arning Objectives Comprehend how the natural environment is impacted on by climate change. Comprehend how habitat destruction results from climate change, and how habitat destruction interrelates with other climate change features to endanger animal species. Comprehend how air pollution results from climate change, which results to life threatening impacts. Comprehend how climate change worsens soil erosion, which could result to more climate change (Smit Pilifosova, 2003). Identify the manner in which systems work, which will entail understanding the connection between environmental change forms and climate change. Relevance of climate change to sustainable development Human activity has a direct impact on global climate change. Globally, many people associate these changes with negative outcomes. Scientists associate human industrial activities with the mounting global temperatures. The worsening environment and climate change are the principal handicaps to stability, food sust ainability, and bio- diversity. The future lives of people are threatened by the deteriorating air and soil quality, pollution, and desertification. Therefore, there is a need for stakeholders to advocate for programmes that curb these environmental risks. Solving the environmental threats is a key ingredient for ensuring sustainable development and progress. Value of contemporary geography to student learning Contemporary geography is exceptionally vital for students. Through its study, students get the chance to grow their overall intellectual capacity, which is useful for progressive learning. Moreover, students acquire the necessary skills for decision making, critical thinking, and problem solving. Through the study of contemporary geography, students acquire skills on values judgement and clarification. These skills are extremely important since they enhance an individual’s whole development. The study of contemporary geography enables students to view their world spati ally. They acquire a systematic enquiry framework, which makes them inquisitive about their world. Geography acts a vital bridge between the physical and social sciences. Therefore, students possess more information about economies, societies, and culture dynamics (Smit Pilifosova, 2003). Value of climate change to student learning Student engagement and education are extremely vital in creating awareness about the consequences of climate change. Through learning about climate change, students understand comprehensively what global climate change is, how it influences their lifestyles and health, and the activities they can engage in to minimise it. Through learning about climate change, students get a passion to participate in programs that protect the environment and health.Advertising Looking for report on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More How contemporary Geography contributes to climate change Geography involves the study of subjects such as demographics, climate change, urbanization, civics, and welfare state. This enables students to acquire knowledge and skills to research and seek for more information about climate change. In addition, students are informed about how climate change influences their health and environment. Reference Smit, B., Pilifosova, O. (2003). Adaptation to climate change in the context of sustainable development and equity. Sustainable Development, 8(9), 9- 129. This report on Need for Topic on Climate Change in Geography Courses was written and submitted by user Izaiah R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Introduction to Evergreen Bagworm Moths

Introduction to Evergreen Bagworm Moths If you are unfamiliar with bagworm, you might never notice it on the evergreens in your yard. Cleverly disguised in their bags made from the foliage of the host tree, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis larvae feed on cedars, arborvitae, junipers, and other favorite landscape trees. Description Despite its nickname, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis is not a worm, but a moth. The bagworm lives its entire life cycle inside the safety of its bag, which it constructs with silk and interwoven bits of foliage. The larval form appears worm-like, hence the name bagworm. Identifying bagworm in the landscape requires a good eye capable of recognizing their excellent camouflage. Because bagworm usually infests evergreen trees, the brown bags may be overlooked at first, appearing like seed cones. Look for suspicious cone-shaped bundles of dried brown foliage, up to 2 inches long, that match the trees needles or leaves. Only the adult male moth leaves the protection of its bag when ready to mate. The moth is black, with clear wings that span roughly an inch across. Classification Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Arthropoda Class – Insecta Order – Lepidoptera Family - Psychidae Genus - Thyridopteryx Species - ephemeraeformis Bagworm Diet Bagworm larvae feed on the foliage of both evergreen and deciduous trees, especially these favorite host plants: cedar, arborvitae, juniper, and false cypress. In the absence of these preferred hosts, bagworm will eat the foliage of just about any tree: fir, spruce, pine, hemlock, sweetgum, sycamore, honey locust, and black locust. Adult moths do not feed, living just long enough to mate. Life Cycle Bagworm, like all moths, undergoes complete metamorphosis with four stages. Egg:Â  In late summer and fall, the female lays up to 1,000 eggs in her case. She then leaves her bag and drops to the ground; the eggs overwinter.Larva:Â  In late spring, larvae hatch and disperse on silken threads. They immediately begin feeding and constructing their own bags. As they grow, the larvae enlarge their bags by adding more foliage. They stay within the safety of their bags, sticking their heads out to feed and carrying the bags from branch to branch. Frass falls out of the bottom end of the cone-shaped bag through an opening. Pupa:Â  When the larvae reach maturity in late summer and prepare to pupate, they attach their bags to the underside of a branch. The bag is sealed shut, and the larvae turn to head down inside the bag. The pupal stage lasts four weeks.Adult:Â  In September, adults emerge from their pupal cases. Males leave their bags to fly in search of mates. Females have no wings, legs, or mouthparts, and remain within their bags. Special Adaptations and Defenses The bagworms best defense is its camouflage bag, worn throughout its life cycle. The bag allows otherwise vulnerable larvae to move freely from place to place. Female moths, though confined to their bags, attract mates by releasing strong sex pheromones. Males leave their bags to find partners when they sense the chemical alert from females. Habitat Bagworms live anywhere suitable host plants are available, especially forests or landscapes with cedar, juniper, or arborvitae. In the U.S., bagworms range from Massachusetts south to Florida, and west to Texas and Nebraska. This pest is native to North America.

Argument about physically disabled people. We choose a Essay

Argument about physically disabled people. We choose a subject(physically disabled people) on which to alter people's thinking - Essay Example This greatly affects the quality of life people with disability can lead. The negative attitude stemming from the society leads to denial of opportunities for the physically disabled. Physical disability is not distant from everyone of us. Personally, I underwent a major surgery at 16 on my legs which forever changed my understanding of physical disability. The surgery culminated into a rare condition called Miserable Malalignment. Eventually, matters became so complicated for me that the doctors tried to perform a correction by aligning my legs through sawing both of my legs' bones in half, twisting them to the right place and eventually using screws to keep them in place. This condition prevented me from going on with normal life and every aspect of my life was interrupted including my studies. I had become a physically disabled person. Coping with the situation was hard because I had always believed that physical disability was a condition one was born with. Therefore for me becoming physically disabled at age 16 was something I least expected. Of all facets in life, it is my schooling and social life that was worst affected. In terms of schooling I had to change from school based learning to home based schooling just because the school I had been attending had not put in place facilities for the physically disabled. This negatively affected my performance in school. During this time I came to understand how the society had been unfair to the physically disabled. The fact that my school lacked or did not have elevators or ramps dawned on me. It led me to look around and I found that very few schools had in place facilities for the physically disabled. Although the government has come up with reforms specifically those aimed at integrating special education to regular schools this has not been widespread as many schools, churches, hospitals, cinema theatres, shopping malls as well as other public places lack facilities for the physically disabled. My social life was equally affected considering the fact that prior to my surgery I had made friends. This enabled me to understand how society views people with social disability specifically how the society lacks important information on physical disability. The fact that friends deserted me was a clear indication that the society has formed very baseless attitudes towards people with disability. The mere sight of a physically disabled person in a wheelchair is enough to cause people to run away from those they are supposed to offer care to. I realized that there are very many stereotypes which have been formed by the society about physical disability. The society does not understand th at disability is not inability. Therefore it is not rare to hear cases of physically disabled people who are qualified being denied opportunities because the stereotype that; disabled people cannot perform like non-disabled people, is very rife in the community. There is even belief in some communities that physical disability is communicable or contagious and therefore if one is physically disabled, friends and foes alike tend to keep a 'safe' distance. The stereotypes formed around physical disability go in as far as making some parents or caregivers to fail to take physically disabled children to school because they hold the belief that physical

Reflections in the Facebook Mirror (Ball), In Defense of Masks Essay

Reflections in the Facebook Mirror (Ball), In Defense of Masks (Gergen) - Essay Example ple to reveal their personalities through their decryptions regarding their political and religious views for example (Lee, New York Times 26 June 2010). Gergen asserts that although Polonius has good intentions, and that his advice falls under society’s accepted religious and moral code of behavior, his intentions are based on bad psychology (Gergen p.172). Kenneth Gergen disputes classical psychology that human beings are capable of relying on one basic form of self to which they can remain truthful to. He alludes to Shakespeare’s Hamlet play. In the play, Polonius advises his son Laertes, to remain true to himself and as a result, his son would not be in crisis with other people There have been a wide range of opinions on the use of masks in the social context, with others impressed while others are irritated by the notion. Erik Erikson, a prominent father of thinking in psychology, was of the opinion that human beings are imposed on masks by the society, which results in them feeling alienated and depressed. Erik Erikson suggests that as grownups, people are phased with challenges throughout the 8 stages of life-trust mistrust, autonomy v shame and doubt, initiative v guilt, industry v inferiority, role confusion v ego/identity, intimacy v isolation, self-absorption v generativity, integrity v despair. For example, during the intimacy v isolation stage, parents begin to put pressure on their children to get married and some people enter marriages out of obligation or to confer to the social norms of society (mask) and they experience feelings of depression and alienation as a result. He is critical of the above criteria citing the fact that human beings are usually unable to develop a coherent sense of identity and those that try to do so, invariably develop in most instances, adverse emotional effects. Gergen together with the help of his colleagues, attempted to challenge this belief by conducting a series of studies with the purpose of discovering

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 17

Marketing - Essay Example The main types of media that the marketer needs to utilize are television, newspaper and print media, public relation activities and direct selling. Television: Television advertising assists business to cover wide geographical locations (Shimp and Andrews, 2013). The marketer needs to invest near about 30% of the budget for celebrity endorsement through these advertisements. Public relation: Sponsoring different tournament and live events will help the brand to attract the attention of different consumers. They need to allocate almost 20% of the budget for this promotional strategy. The new recipe for breakfast cereal is intended to the health conscious consumers. The organisation is mainly targeting the slimmer consumers. They have assigned major budget for the promotional procedure. The management has utilized differentiated strategy where they have only targeted a particular section of the society (Weinstein, 2013). The important media for the promotion are sponsorship, television and print media. Television: Displaying advertisements of the product during different morning healthcare, exercise and yoga shows will prove to be beneficial for the organisation. Another 25% need to be allocated for this media. The promotional activity of the new energy drink mainly focuses on the players and sports personalities. The organisation has decided to spent minor budget for the product as they are focusing on concentrated targeting strategy (Debruyne, et al., 2002). They can utilize internet advertising, posters/ hoardings and sponsorship to promote their product. The word of mouth promotional procedure plays a major role for this kind of products rather than the traditional electronic advertisement procedure (Buttle, 1998). Internet: The organisation needs to design an interactive website to promote the benefits of their product towards the sports